Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:IPA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See Hindustani phonology, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabet for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindi-Urdu.

Key[edit]

Consonants
IPA Examples English approximation
Hindi Urdu ISO 15919
b बीस بیس bīs cabbie
भालू بھالو bhālū clubhouse
d[1] दाल دال dāl width, Spanish andar
[1] धूप دھوپ dhūp adhere (but dental)
जान جان jān budging
dʒʱ झड़ना جھڑنا jhaṛnā hedgehog
ɖ[1] डालना ڈالنا ālnā American bird
ɖʱ[1] ढक्कन ڈھکّن ḍhakkan American birdhouse
f ख़िलाफ़ خلاف k͟hilāf fuss
ɡ गोल گول gol ago
ɡʱ घर گھر ghar loghouse
ʔ[2] एतबार اعتبار iʻtibār[a] The pause in "uh-oh!", butter (glottal stop)
ɣ[4] बाग़ باغ ġ Similar to the French R
ɦ हम ہم ham ahead
हुक्म حکم ukm
j याद یاد yād yuck
k कमज़ोर کمزور kamzor scab
खाल کھال khāl cab
l लब لب lab leaf
m मगर مگر magar much
n नहीं نہیں nahī̃ panther
ɳ[5] किरण کرن kira American burn
ŋ रंग رن٘گ rag bang
p पल پل pal spot
फल پھل phal pot
q[4] क़रीब قریب qarīb somewhat like caught
r[6] रस رس ras Trilled ring
ज़र्रा ذرّہ zarra
ɾ[6] ज़रा ذرا zarā American atom
ɽ लड़ना لڑنا la American garter
ɽʱ पढ़ाई پڑھائی paṛhāī no English equivalent
s सब سب sab sun
ʂ[5] नष्ट نشٹ na shoe but retroflex
ʃ काश کاش ś shoe
[1] तालाब تالاب tālāb similar to outthink, Spanish tomar
लतीफ़ा لطیفہ laīfa
t̪ʰ[1] थैला تھیلا thailā tub (but dental)
t͡ʃ चोर چور cor catch
t͡ʃʰ छोड़ना چھوڑنا choṛnā achoo
ʈ[1] टमाटर ٹماٹر amāar stub (but retroflex)
ʈʰ[1] ठंड ٹھنڈ ṭhanḍ tub (but retroflex)
ʋ[7] वर्ज़िश ورزش varziś vat
w[7] पकवान پكوان pakvān well
x[4] ख़राब خراب k͟harāb Scottish loch
z[4] काग़ज़ کاغذ kāġaz zoo
ʒ[4] अझ़दहा اژدہا aždahā pleasure
Vowels
IPA Examples English approximation
Hindi Urdu ISO 15919
काम کام kām father
जेब جیب jeb Scottish say
ɛ[8] रहना رہنا rêhnā pen
ɛː कैसा کیسا kai fairy
ə कल کَل kal about
ɪ जितना جِتنا jitnā sit
जीतना جیتنا jītnā seat
बोलो بولو bolo Scottish so
ɔː कौन کَون kaun American saw
ʊ उन اُن un book
ऊन اُون ūn moon
◌̃ मैं مَیں mai nasal vowel faun
([ãː, õː], etc.)
Suprasegmentals
IPA Example Notes
ˈ◌ [ˈbaːɦər] stress
(placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː [ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ] doubled consonant
(placed after doubled consonant)

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Hindi and Urdu contrast dental [t] and [d] with apical postalveolar [ʈ] and [ɖ] (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers although the dental [t] and [d] are used in place of the English /θ/ and /ð/ for some speakers with th-stopping.
  2. ^ In a number of words, the ع and/or ء is sometimes pronounced as ʔ in Urdu, which is typically not represented or pronounced in Hindi, except when the Urdu variant is transliterated into Hindi.
  3. ^ "Meaning of etibar in English". Rekhta Dictionary. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
  4. ^ a b c d e Mainly phonemes of Urdu. Hindi speakers may replace [x], [z], [ʒ], [ɣ] and [q] with [kʰ], [dʒ], [dʒʱ], [g] and [k] respectively.
  5. ^ a b Mainly phonemes of Hindi. Urdu speakers usually replace [ɳ] and [ʂ] with [n] and [ʃ] respectively.
  6. ^ a b /ɾ/ can surface as a trill [r] in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill.
  7. ^ a b [w] occurs as an allophone of [ʋ] when / و/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while [ʋ], which may phonetically be [v], occurs otherwise.
  8. ^ [ɛ] occurs as an allophone of /ə/ near an /ɦ/ that is surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa becomes silent, which results in an [ɛ] preceding an /ɦ/.
  1. ^ Urdu transliteration. The Hindi variant is usually written as एतबार (etbār). Rekhta Dictionary transliterates this term as ए'तिबार (e'tibār) in Devanagari/Hindi.[3]

See also[edit]